electricity class 10

 

Charge(Q)

• Electric charge is the basic physical property of matter that causes it to produce or experience a force when kept in an electric or magnetic field.
• An atom has a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons revolving around it. increasing or decreasing of electron cause charge on a atom.
• Valence electrons(No of electron in outermost shell of electron) in metals are free to move within the conductor and cause flow of electric current.
• SI unit of charge is coulomb (C).
• There exists two types of charges in nature.

(i) positive charge     (ii) negative charge

The charge acquired by a glass rod when rubbed with silk is called a positive charge and the charge acquired by an ebonite rod when rubbed with wool is called negative charge.

•  Smallest stable charged particles are protons and electrons.
• Charge on an electron is negative and that on a proton is positive but both are equal in magnitude    i. e., 1.6 x 10^-19C
• Q=n*e where n= no of electron, e=  1.6 x 10^-19C

Properties of charge

• Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.
• The.force between two charges varies directly as the product of two charges and inversely as the square of the distance (r) between both charges (q1 and q2).
• Charge can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transferred from one body to another  i. e., charge is conserved.

Electric Current: The electric current is defined as the total amount of charge flowing through a particular area in unit time. It is denoted by I. 

Current = amount of charge flow through conductor/ total time taken.

I= Q/t   where, Q = amount of charge, t = time interval

• Electric current is a scalar quantity.
• SI unit of current is ampere (A). 
• One coulomb is nearly equal to 6 × 10¹⁸ electrons . 

1 Ampere is the flow of electric charge through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. This means, if 1 coulomb of electric charge flows through a cross section for 1 second, it would be equal to 1 ampere.

Therefore, 1 A = 1 C/1 s

• Small quantities of current are expressed in milliampere or in microampere.
• 1 mA = 10^-3 A (Here ‘m’ is a prefix used to express milli)
• 10 μA = 10^-6 A (‘μ’ is symbol of micro)

Direction of current:

Electric current is carried by moving electrons through a conductor.

Electric current flows in the circuit from positive terminal of cell to the negative terminal of cell.

In metals flow of electron constitutes current. Conventionally the direction of current is taken as opposite to the direction of motion of electrons

Ammeter: An apparatus to measure electric current in a circuit.,

Electric Potential and Potential Difference

Electric Potential: The amount of electric potential energy at a point is called electric potential.

Potential Difference: The difference in the amount of electric potential energy between two points in an electric circuit is called electric potential difference.

Electric potential difference is known as voltage, which is equal to the amount of work done to move the unit charge between two points against static electric field.

Therefore, Voltage = Work done/Charge flow

Voltage or electric potential difference is denoted by V’. Therefore, V = W/Q

Where, W = Work done and Q = Charge

S.I. Unit of Electric Potential Difference (Voltage)

S.I. unit of electric potential difference is volt and denoted by ‘V’ This is named in honour of Italian Physicist Alessandro Volta.

Since joule is the unit of work and Coulomb is the unit of charge, 1 volt of electric potential difference is equal to the 1 joule of work to be done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to another in an electric circuit. Therefore

1V = 1Joule/1Coulomb = 1J/1C

1V = 1J/C^-1

Voltmeter: An apparatus to measure the potential difference or electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

Galvanometer: It is a device to detect current in an electric circuit.

Electric Circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current.

Ohm’s Law: Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain unchanged.

Ohm's Law shows the relationship between the voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (R).

V ∝ I

V = RI

I = V/R

R = V/I

Where, R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and is called resistance.

experimental setup for ohms law:

ammeter is connected in series with the load and a voltmeter is attach parallel to load. a variable battery us used to change the applied potential across the resistance.

key is inserted and the voltage through the variable battery is increased step by step.

the values of ammeter and voltmeter is plotted on x -y axis we get a straight inclined line graph i.e. The graph of V (potential difference) versus I (electric current) is always a straight line.

Resistance: Resistance is a property of conductor due to which it resists the flow of electric current through it. A component that is used to resist the flow of electric current in a circuit is called a resistor.

S.I. unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter ‘Ω’

1 Ohm: 1 ohm (Ω) is a resistance offered by a conductor when a 1 V potential difference is applied across its end and 1 ampere current pass through it..

This means; 1Ω = 1V/1A

From the expression of Ohm’s Law, it is obvious that electric current through a resistor is inversely proportional to resistance. This means electric current will decrease with an increase in resistance and vice versa. 

Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the current, without changing the voltage from the source, is called variable resistance.

Rheostat: This is a device which is used in a circuit to provide variable resistance.

Cause of Resistance in a Conductor: Flow of electrons in a conductor is electric current. The positive particles of conductor create hindrance to flow of electrons, because of attraction between them, this hindrance is the cause of resistance in the flow of electricity.

Factors on Which Resistance of a Conductor Depends: Resistance in a conductor depends on nature, length and area of cross section of the conductor.

(i) Nature of Material: Some materials create least hindrance and hence, are called good conductors. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. While some other materials create more hindrance in the flow of electric current, i.e. flow of electrons through them. Such materials are called bad conductors. Bad conductor are also known as insulators. Hard plastic is the one of the best insulators of electricity.

(ii) Length of Conductor: Resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. This means, resistance increases with increase in length of the conductor. This is the cause that long electric wires create more resistance to the electric current. Thus, Resistance (R) ∝ length of conductor (l)

or, R ∝ l …(i)

 (iii) Area of Cross Section: Resistance R is inversely proportional to the area of cross section (A) of the conductor. This means R will decrease with an increase in the area of conductor and vice versa. More area of conductor facilitates the flow of electric current through more area and thus, decreases the resistance. This is the cause that thick copper wire creates less resistance to the electric current.

Thus, resistance (R) ∝ 1/Area of cross section of conductor (A)

or, R ∝ lA ….(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii)

R ∝ lA

R = ρ lA

Where, ρ (rho) is the proportionality constant. It is called the electrical resistivity of the material of conductor.

From equation (iii) RA = ρl ⇒ ρ = RAl ..(iv)

 

The S.I. of Resistivity: Since, the S.I. unit of R is Q, S.I. unit of area is m2 and S.I. unit of length is m. Hence, unit of resistivity (ρ) = Ω×m2m = Ωm

Thus, S.I. unit of resistivity (ρ) is Ωm.

 

Resistivity: It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m when current flows perpendicular to its opposite faces. It’s S.I. unit is ohm-meter (Ωm).

Resistivity, ρ = RA/l

• Resistivity is also known as specific resistance.
• Resistivity depends on the nature of the material of the conductor.
• Materials having a resistivity in the range of 10-8 Ωm to 10-6 Ωm are considered as very good conductors. Silver has resistivity equal to 1.60 × 10-8 Ωm and copper has resistivity equal to 1.62 × 10-8 Ωm.
• Rubber and glass are very good insulators. They have a resistivity in the order of 10-12 Ωm to 10-8 Ωm.

The resistivity of materials varies with temperature.

Combination of Resistors

(i) Series combination

(ii) Parallel combination.

 

1. Resistors in Series: When resistors are joined from end to end, it is called in series. In this case, the total resistance of the system is equal to the sum of the resistance of all the resistors in the system.

Let, three resistors R1, R2, and R3 get connected in series.

Potential difference across A and B = V

Potential difference across R1, R2 and R3 = V1, V2 and V3

Current flowing through the combination = I

We, know that

V= V1 + V2 + V3 …. (i)

According to Ohm’s Law :

V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3 = IR3 ….. (ii)

Let, total resistance = R_s

Then, V = IRs …(iii)

From equations (i) and (ii) and (iii)

IR_s = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

R_s = R1 + R2 + R3

When the resistors are connected in series, the current flowing through each resistor is the same and is equal to the total current.

Heating Effect of Electric Current: When electric current is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the energy of electric current is dissipated entirely in the form of heat and as a result, resistor gets heated. The heating of resistor because of dissipation of electrical energy is commonly known as Heating Effect of Electric Current.

Some examples are as follows : When electric energy is supplied to an electric bulb, the filament gets heated because of which, it gives light. The heating of electric bulb happens because of heating effect of electric current.

Joule’s Law Of Heating: Let, an electric current, I is flowing through a resistor having resistance = R.

The potential difference through the resistor is = V.

The charge, Q flows through the circuit for the time, t

Thus, work done in moving of charge (Q) of potential difference (V),

W = V × Q

Since this charge, Q flows through the circuit for time t

Therefore, power input (P) to the circuit can be given by the following equation :

P = WT

P = V × Q/t …..(i)

We know, electric current, I = Q/t

Substituting Q/t = I in equation (i), we get,

P = VI …(ii)

i.e., P = VI

Since, the electric energy is supplied for time ?, thus, after multiplying both sides of equation (ii) by time t, we get,

P × t = VI × t = VIt ……(iii)

i.e., P = VIt

Thus, for steady current I, the heat produced (H) in time t is equal to VIt

H = VIt i.e., H = VIt

We know, according to Ohm’s Law,

V = IR

By substituting this value of V in equation (iii), we get,

H = IR × It

H = I²Rt ……(iv)

The expression (iv) is known as Joule’s Law of Heating, which states that heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to the square of current given to the resistor, directly proportional to the resistance for a given current and directly proportional to the time for which the current is flowing through the resistor.

 

Electric Bulb: In an electric bulb, the filament of bulb gives light because of the heating effect of electricity. The filament of bulb is generally, made of tungsten metal, having melting point equal to 3380°C.

 

Electric Iron: The element of electric iron is made of alloys having high melting poir^ Electric heater and geyser work on the same mechanism.

 

Electric Fuse: Electric fuse is used to protect the electric appliances from high voltage if any. Electric fuse is made of metal or alloy of metals, such as aluminum, copper, iron, lead, etc. In the case of flow of higher voltage than specified, fuse wire melts and protect the electric appliances.

Fuse of 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, etc., used for domestic purpose.