IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
To fulfil the need of food to geometrically growing population, the various practices involved in crop production should be more scientific. Till now following
revolutions to increase food,
fish, milk and oil production
have been successful with due efforts made
by scientist.
1. Green revolution: for increase in
food grain production.
Father of green revolution –1965-700
Father of green revolution
in India –
Mr. M.S.Swaminathan
2. Blue
revolution: for increase in
fish production. (1985-90)
3. White revolution: for increase in
milk
production.(1970-75)
4. Yellow revolution: for increase in
oil production.1986-87
5. Golden
revolution: for increase in
pulse production. 1991-2003
Different types of
crop:
(A) on the basis of
nutrients they provide:
(i) Cereals: contain
high amount of carbohydrate
to provide
energy.
e.g.
– Wheat, Maize, Rice, Barley, Rye,
Oats,
Sorghum etc
(ii) Pulses: are rich in protein.
e.g.- Gram (Chana),
Black gram(Urad), Green gram)Moong), Pigeon gram(Arhar),
Lantel(Massor)
(iii) Oil yielding plant:
provide fatty acid.
e.g. – Ground nut, Castor, Cotton, Sunflower, Coconut,
Mustered, Sesame, Linseed,
Niger.
(iv) Vegetable, Spices & Fruits: are sources of vitamins, minerals, and small quantity of protein,
carbohydrate
and oil.
e.g. – Spices – Ginger, Turmeric, Cloves, Pepper, Fennel, Coriender, Cumin.
(v) Fibre yielding plant: e.g.- Cotton,
Jute.
(vi) Beverages:
have very little
nutritive value but are very stimulating. e.g.- Tea, Coffe
(vii) Fodder crop: e.g.
– Barsem, Sudan grass, Oat grasses
(B) On the basis of
season in which
they are grown:
(i) Kharif crop: grown in rainy season
(from June to
October)
e.g. – Paddy, Soya bean, Arhar, Maize,
Cotton, Urad, Moong etc.
(ii) Rabi
crop: grown in summer
season (November to April)
e.g.- Wheat, Gram, Peas, Mustard, Linseed
“They are also called “summer season crop”.
Since from 1960 – 2004 the total crop production has been increased by four times whereas only
25% increase in cultivated land has
been seen. This can
be made possible due
to
1. Choice of good
& healthy seed.
2. Supplying proper
nutrition for crops.
3. Protecting
growing
and harvested crop.
To obtain
higher yield from farmland following three
systems are
being used:
1. Crop variety improvement.
2. Crop production
management.
3. Crop protection
management.
1. CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT:
The first and foremost important step to improve the crop yield is to improve the variety
of crop which
has following characteristics i.e. crop
variety improvement is done for the
following purposes:
1. Higher yield.
2. Better quality.
3. Biotic & abiotic resistance i.e. disease, insects &
pest resistance.
4. Desirable agronomic characters for specific crops like dwarfness, intensive branching, more tillering & increased
fertiliser responsiveness.
5. Wider adaptability: developed improved crops help in stabilizing crop production under different climatic
conditions.
6. Early maturation(ripening)
7. Better response
to fertilisers.
Crop variety improvement: It
can be done either by hybridisation or by introducing a gene.
·
Crop improvement by hybridisation: Hybridisation refers to
crossing between genetically dissimilar plants. This crossing may be intervarietal
(between different varieties), interspecific (between two different species of
the same genus) or intergeneric (between different genera).
·
Crop improvement by introducing a gene: This provides the
desired characteristics and results in genetically modified crops.
·
Cultivation practices and crop yield are related to weather,
soil quality and availability of water. Since weather conditions such as
drought and flood situations are unpredictable, varieties that can be grown in
diverse climatic conditions are useful.
2. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT: Includes - Nutrients requirement, Irrigation
& Cropping pattern.
(i) NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT: There are two types of nutrients required by the plants
(a) Macronutrients:
needed by the
plants in large amount.
E.g.- N2, P, K, Ca,Mg, S
(b) Micronutrients: needed by the plants
in very small
amount.e.g. - Fe, Cu, Zn, Bo, Mo, Cl.
Sources
of plant nutrients:
Air – Carbon, Oxygen
Water
– Hydrogen
Soil – N2, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe,
Mn, Bo, Zn, Co, Mo, Cl
“Most important nutrients needed
for growth of plants are N2, P , and
K”.
Differences
between Manures
& Fertilisers:
|
Manure |
Fertilisers |
|
1. Are
partially decayed
wastes and
animal residue by microbes. |
1. Is a salt or Organic compound containing essential part of
nutrients. |
|
2. It
is
not
nutrient specific
and tends to remove general deficiency of
the soil. |
2. It is nutrient specific
i.e. it contain much higher amount
of particular
nutrients and are used to remove particular deficiency of the soil. |
|
3. It
adds humus to the soil. |
3. It
does
not add any humus
to the soil. |
|
4. Nutrients present in the manure are absorbed slowly by the crop since it is not
soluble in water. |
5. Since
it
is
soluble
in
water it is readily
absorbed by plants. |
|
6. It is
voluminous
and bulky so
it
is inconvenient to store, transport, handle and
apply to the crop. |
6. It is compact so it is easy to store, transport and apply to
crops. |
Disadvantages of fertilisers:
1. They are expensive.
2. It
does not add any humus
to the soil.
3. In a long
run it destroys the
soil texture making it infertile.
Types of manure:
1. Farm-yard manure (FYM):
Consists of rotted vegetable and animal
refuse.
2. Compost manure: It
mainly consists of rotted
vegetable and animal refuse.
3. Green manure: In preparing green manure a quick growing crop is cultivated and ploughed
under to incorporate
into the soil. E.g.- Sunhemp, Dhaincha, Gur
etc.
Advantages of manure:
1. It
enriches
soil with nutrients.
2. It adds organic matter to the soil which improves the texture and increase water holding
capacity of the soil.
3. It
provides food for soil organisms.
Limitations of manure:
1. It is voluminous and bulky so it is inconvenient to store, transport,
handle and apply to the
crop.
2. The nutrients
of manure are released slowly.
3. They are not
nutrient specific.
BIO-FERTILISERS: Living beings used to increase the soil fertility are called bio-fertilisers.
e.g.- Anabaena, Nostoc, Rhizobium, Blue-green
algae,
Azollaetc etc.
(ii) IRRIGATION:
The technique of providing water to the crops in the fields by means of Canals, Reservoir, Wells
and Tube-wells
etc is called irrigation.
Importance of irrigation:
1. Irrigation water supplies
two essential elements to crops
i.e. Hydrogen and Oxygen.
2. Moisture available in the soil leads to germination of seeds.
3. Water made available to field by the process of irrigation helps in absorption of nutrients by
plants from the soil.
Irrigation System:
The design equipment and technique of replenishing the soil water deficit by
applying irrigation water is referred to as irrigation
system.
Requirement
of good irrigation system:
1. There should be
minimum or no wastage of
water.
2. It
should be inexpensive and
economically justifiable.
Types
of irrigation system: Canal system, Tanks, Wells,
River valley system.
(iii) CROPPING PATTERN:
Following
ways
of
growing crops can
be
used
to
give
maximum
benefits
1. Mixed cropping
2. Inter cropping
3. Crop rotation
Mixed Cropping: The process of growing two or more different crops together in the same piece of land
is called mixed or multiple cropping.
e.g. - Cotton & ground nut, Maize & Urad, Rice with Jowar or Maize, Cotton with Jowar or Red gram
or Coriander etc, Wheat with
Mustard.
“While doing mixed
cropping it is ensured that different crops may mature at
different
times:.
Advantages
of mixed
cropping:
1. Multiple
cropping saves time
and labour of farmers.
2. It
helps in optimum utilisation
of the soil.
3. It avoids depletion of soil nutrients due to different nutrient requirement of different crops in
the same field.
4. The waste material and product released by one crop may be beneficial to the other crop in
mixed cropping.
5. When two crops of different nature are grown simultaneously, risk of total crop failure is
minimised
due to uncertainty in
monsoon.
6. It results in increase in
yield
because growing
of legume crop along
with cereals
will increase the yield
of cereals
due to coverage of
nitrogen deficiency in
soil.
7. Minimise pest damage because
a particular type of plant
is infected by a particular type of
pest.
Disadvantages of mixed cropping:
1. It
is impossible to use any labour
saving equipment or machinery on
the field.
Inter Cropping: is
the growing
of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field in definite row pattern.
A few rows of one crop alternate with a few rows of a second crop. Crops are selected in a
fashion that their nutrients
needs differ. E.g. - Soyabean + Maize,
or Bajra + Lobia(Cow pea)
Advantages
of inter cropping:
1. It
ensures
maximum
utilization
of nutrients.
2. It
checks
spreading of
pests and disease to
all plants.
3. Both
crops can give
better
returns.
Crop rotation: the process in which different types of crops are grown alternately in the same field
is called crop rotation.
Advantages
of crop rotation:
1. Improves
the fertility of
the
soil and results in the increase in
the
food production.
2. It
helps in pest control.
3. It
improves crop quality.
4. It keeps the
land occupied with greater part
of time with crops.
|
Mixed cropping |
Inter cropping |
|
1. It has
the
target
to
minimize total crop failure |
1.It has the target to
improve productivity` |
|
2.Seeds
of two crops are
mixed before sowing |
2.Seeds
of two crops are
not mixed |
|
3.It
involves no set pattern of rows
of crops |
3.It
involves set
pattern of rows of crops |
|
4. In this
method
there is a difficulty of fertilizer application to individual
crop. |
4.In this method
fertilizer can be applied
as per need of
the crops |
|
5.Harvesting and threshing of crops separately is not possible, thus
marketing & consumption of only
mixed produce is possible |
5. Both
crops can be easily harvested
&
threshed separately thus each crop can be marketed & consumed separately. |
3. CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT: It includes protection of the growing crops
and harvested crops.
Weeds, insects, pests and diseases infest the field crops. It can be controlled by adopting following methods:-
1. To grow resistant verities.
2. Optimum
time of sowing the crops.
3. Crop rotation
and cropping systems.
4. Deep
ploughing in
summers
to kill weeds, pathogen etc.
i.e. summer ploughing.
Weed control:
Weeds
are
unwanted plants which grow of their own along
with crop plants.
e.g. - Xanthium (gokhroo), Parthenium
(gajar ghas),
Cyprinus rotundus
(motha), Opuntia etc.
The growth
of
weeds is harmful because of the following reasons:
1. The
weeds
consume
a
lot of nutrients, sunlight, water
and
fertilizers thereby reducing
crop production.
2. It occupies space meant
for
crop thereby reducing crop yield
and lower the
quality of food
grain.
3. The weeds spread very fast because they produce a large quantity of seeds.
Weeding: The process of removing weeds from a crop field is called weeding. It can be done by
following methods:
1. Removal
by
hands.
2. Removal
by
instruments like trowel (khurpa)
3. By using chemicals called weedicides. Eg-2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
acetic acid),
Butachlor, Atrazine, Isoproturon, Fluchloralin etc.
4. Control of weed by biological methods: in this method some selective insects
or other
organisms are put into the crop field having weeds. These insects or organisms selectively
destroy the weed plants without harming the crop plants. Eg- Cochineal insects are used to remove
weeds called Opuntia.
Cultural methods: Proper seed bed prepration , timely sowing of crops, inter cropping &
crop rotation control
the weeds growth.
Insect’s
pests control :
Usually the insect’s pests attack
the plants by producing following three types
of symptoms:
1. By cutting plants
like roots stem and
leaves.
2. By sucking sell
sap from various plants parts.
3. They bore into
stem and fruits.
Pesticides: chemicals which can kill or destroy
the pests are called pesticides.eg- Bordeaux mixture (mixture of copper sulphate and Lime in a 4:4 ratio). Pesticides are of several types depending on
the types of
pests killed or controlled.
Thus they may be:
(i) Fungicides: kill
fungi
(ii) Insecticides: kill
insects
(iii) Nematicides: kill nematodes
(iv) Rodenticides: kill rodents
(v) Herbisides:
kills herbs.
Plant disease:
e.g. - black stem Rust of wheat, loose smut of wheat, Late blight of potato, Yellow vein mosaic of
Lady’s
finger.
Storage
of grains:
Need for safe storage:
1. Ensures
availability of grains
throughout the years.
2. It
facilitates distribution
to far away places of a country.
3. Grains are harvested once in a year, however due to fixed eating habits they are needed
regularly throughout the year.
4. It
helps in making buffer stocks
for
emergency periods.
5. For surplus food, if available , storage is required.
Modes
of storing of grains:
1. Perishable food material: the
food material which gets
spoiled easily on keeping for some
time at room temperature
is called Perishable
food. E.g.- fruits, vegetables, fish, meat,
milk, etc. they can
be stored in cold-storage.
2. Non- Perishable food material: The food materials which don’t
get spoiled even on
keeping for long
time
at room temperature are called Non- Perishable food material. These contain very less amount
of water and are alsao called dry food. E.g. - foodgrains,
wheat-flour, sugar, spices, etc. they can be stored by dry storage
methods.
Non-perishable
food materials are stored on a commercial scale in gunny bags or in grain
silos.
The stored food grains are generally attacked and damaged by
pests such as insects and rodents. Therefore the stored food grains should
be regularly checked to detect any infestation.
While storing the grains application of pesticides -
by either spraying (like Malathion, Pyrethrum, D.D.T.)
or Fumigation of fumigants (volatile pesticides are called fumigants
like
Ethylene dibromide, Aluminium phosphide/celphos,
Methyl bromide);
Rat poison/ Rodenticides like Zinc
phosphide should be done at regular intervals.
ORGANIC FARMING: Organic farming avoids the use of synthetically compound
fertilizers, pesticides. Organic farming rely upon crop rotation, crop residues,
animal manures, legumes, green manures,
off farm organic wastes,
biological
pest control.
Objective of organic farming:
1. To develop sustainable agriculture system
2. To develop an alternative strategy over chemical farming.
3. This system rely upon
recourses within own recourses.
Animal husbandry
The science of rearing, feeding, caring, breeding and disease control of animals is called animal husbandry.
Main elements of animal husbandry are:
1. Proper feeding of
animals.
2. Providing fresh
water
and
good shelter to animals.
3. Proper health
and protection against diseases.
4. Proper breeding of animals.
Need for animal husbandry: To ensure proper nutrition to our growing population
Advantages
of animal husbandry:
1. Increased
milk production through cattle farming.
2. Increased
egg
production through cattle farming.
3. Improvement
of quality of meat
through
fish farming, pig farming, goat farming etc.
4. Proper utilization
of animal waste.
5. To produce more honey and bees wax through bee keeping.
On the basis of utility animals have
been categorized into following four types:
1. Milch (milk-yielding) animals: e.g.- cow, buffalo,
goat
2. Meat and Egg-yielding animals: e.g.- goat,
sheep, pig, fish, chicken, duck,
etc
3. Draught
(working) animals: e.g.- horse, bullock, camel,
donkey,
mule, elephant
4. Hair and skin: yielding animals; e.g.- sheep, goat, rabbit, cow,
buffalo
etc.
CATTLE FARMING
Cattle
farming
is
done
for
two
purposes:
-
milk production
and bullock
labour
(e.g.- tilling,
irrigation, and carting).
Breeds
of cattle:
Indigenous breed:
Milch
breed: e.g. - Gir,Sahibal, Red Sindhi,
Deoni etc.
Draught breed: e.g. - Nageri,
Hallikar, Malvi etc.
Dual purpose breed: e.g. - Deoni,
Sahibal,
Kankrej,
tharparkar, Dangi etc.
Breeds of Indian buffalo: e.g. - Murrah, Nagpuri, Mehsana, Jaffrabadi, Surti, Bhadawari, Nilli, Ravi
etc.
Exotic breed of milch cow: eg-
Holstein-Friesien(Holland), Jersey(Island of Jersey of England),
Ayrshire (Scotland),
Brown-Swiss(Switzerland), Red Dane(Denmark), etc.
Cross breeds of cow:- eg- Karan-Swiss, Karan-Fries,
Frieswal,
Brown Swiss-Sahiwal, Jersey-
Sindhi, Ayrshire-Sahiwal, Karan-Swiss
etc.
Feeding of cattle:
The foods given to animals are
called Feed. Feeding requires balanced ration in correct quantities to each animal proportionate to their body requirements
and productive capacity. Both over feeding and under feeding should be avoided.
Feed constitutes two main components i.e. roughage
&
Concentrate.
The animal feed is of two types:
Roughage: contains
large amount of fibres with low nutrition.
Eg- hay, fodder,
silage, legumes like
barseem, lucrene, cowpea; etc. it also includes fodder grasses, like
Napier grass, Guinea
grass and Elephant grass.
Concentrate: They are rich in protein and other nutrients. It contains mixture of cereals, like maize,
jowar, broken grass,
rice
polish, cotton
seed, molasses, oilseed cake etc.
The animal
food
requirement
is divided into
two categories:
1. Maintenance requirement: which
supports the basic function
of the life?
2. Milk- producing requirement: which increase the milk production.
Farm management practice:
A good animal shelter is also important aspects of animal husbandary.a good animal shelter should
have following characteristics:
1. It
should protect the animals
from heat, cold, and rain
and also from other animals.
2. It
should be clean, dry, airy, and well ventilated.
3. It
should have proper sunlight
during the day.
4. It
should have proper arrangement for clean drinking water.
5. It
should be spacious so as
to provide enough space for each
animal to
stay
comfortabely.
6. It
should have a sloping floor
for
the hygienic disposal of
animal excreta.
7. Regular
brushing of animals
to remove dirt and loose hair.
BREED IMPROVEMENT: The breeding of cattle is done by two methods:-
1. Natural
breeding: It is further of
two types:-
a)
Random breeding:
here
pedigree bulls
are
kept along with grazing cows.
b)
Controlled cross breeding: in this type of breeding native cows are crossed with exotic bulls
of superior quality in
natural breeding.
2. Artificial breeding: in this, semen of bull of good breed is collected and stored at freezing
temperature. The introduction of semen of high quality bull in the body (vagina) of healthy
females by artificial means during heat period or
oestrous (fertility) period is called
artificial insemination. This method is comparatively better and economical and has following advantages:
· Several cows can
be
inseminated by semen
of a single bull.
· It
ensures
progeny of good quality and also
avoids the transportation
of animqals.
· Sperms can
be stored for long at freezing temperature.
Some
common
animal disease:
Ø Bacterial: Anthrax, Tuberculosis,
Rinderpest.
Ø Viral:
Rabies, Cowpox, Encephalitis, Foot & mouth disease.
Ø Fungal: Ring worm
Ø Worms: Ascariasis.
POULTRY FARMING
Poultry
is the branch of animal husbandry concerned with rearing of birds for eggs and meet. Egg laying birds
are called LAYERS
while meat-yielding birds are called BROILERS. It includes chickens (fowls), ducks, turkeys, pigeons etc.
among these fowls are most widely domesticated birds in India.
Poultry
breeds:
Indigenous: Assel-has four popular
breed
Peela,
Yakub,
Nurie,
&
Kajal, Ghagus,
Basara,
Chittagong
Exotic: white leghorn cock, white leghorn hen, rhode island red
hen,
Cross bread: IBL-80, B-77,
HH-260, etc.
Desired traits
for
improved verities:
1. Quality and
quantity of chicks.
2. Dwarf broiler parent
for
commercial chick
production.
3. Summer
adaptability capacity / tolerance to
high
temperature.
4. Low
maintenance requirement.
5. Reduction in size of egg
laying birds.
Care should be taken to avoid mortality and to maintain feathering & carcass quality.
To prevent
poultry
from diseases following
measures
should be taken.
1. They should be kept
in spacious, airy,
and ventilated
shelter.
2. The shelter should be clean
properly and
regularly.
3. Quick
and hygienic disposal
of excreta should be ensured.
4. Disinfectant
should be sprayed
regularly.
5. Animal should be vaccinated at regular interval to minimize it from common infection and
disease.
FISH FARMING (PISCICULTURE)
Pisciculture or fishery or fish farming involves the rearing
and
breeding of fish scientifically by man in ponds, tanks, etc.
TYPE OF
FISH
FARMING:
On the basis of nature of source of fishes:
1. Capture fisheries: fish caught
directly from their natural resources.
2. Culture fisheries:
fish
is cultivated in artificial water bodies
called
breeding ponds.
On the basis of nature of water sources:
1. Marine fisheries:
it involves fish production in marine waters.
2. Inland fisheries: it involves fish production in fresh water systems and brackish waters like
estuaries and lagoons.
Breeds
of fishes:
Indigenous
breeds: - fresh water: katla, rohu, calbusa, mrigla.
Salt water fish-chanos,
mullets
Exotic breeds: - fresh water- common
carp, mirror carp, Chinese carp, silver carp and grass carp
MARINE FISHERIES: Important marine food fishes are –Pomphrets,Mackererls, tuna, sardines,
Bombay duck, mullets, bhetki, pearl spots, etc. In addition sea weeds and shelfish (like prawns),
oyster, etc . This is called MARICULTURE.
COMPOSITE FISH CULTURE (POLYCULTURE): it is the
method of fish farming in which many types
of fishes
are cultured
together into a pond
or water body.
Significance of
Composite fish culture:
(i) All the zones of water body is exploited.
(ii) There will be no competition between different species because they have different habits e.g.- catla is
a surface feeder,
rohu is a column feeder, cirrhinus is a bottom feeder.
(iii) These fishes help
in growth
of each other.
The fish capturing is now easier due to employing of modern technologies like echo-sounders and use of
satellites which are used to locate the
fish shoals.
APICULTURE
Apiculture is the process of rearing of honey bees in the artificial hives, called apiaries, for the
production of honey at commercial level.
Species of honey
bee:
Indigenous species: Apis dorsata commonly called rock bee or giant bee,
Apis indica commonly
called Indian bee, Apis florae commonly called little bee etc
BEE FORAGE / PASTURAGE: it includes all those flowering plants which provide pollens and
nectar to the honey
bees. The pasturage is different from region to region and depends upon the geographical location. The quality and taste of honey depends upon the nature of flora from which
the nectar is collected.
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